Solar energy, derived from the sun's radiant light and heat, has been harnessed by humans for thousands of years using a range of ever-evolving technologies. As the most abundant and renewable energy source available, it offers a sustainable solution to the growing global energy demands.

PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells made of semiconductor materials. When sunlight hits these cells, it excites electrons, creating an electric current. These cells are typically grouped into panels and arrays, which can be scaled to meet various energy needs, from small residential installations to large-scale solar farms.